Patient Education

Susan Bard, would like to be your partner in health care. Feel free to ask your questions and share your concerns with us. We will work with you to develop a wellness program for the care and treatment you need.

We welcome you to our practice and look forward to caring for you.

Susan Bard, provides a full range of medical services including the following:

Annual Skin Examinations

Annual skin examinations are an important tool for cancer screening and are recommended for all patients. During these screenings, any suspicious growths, moles, or lesions are detected and existing growths are monitored. Annual screenings detect any abnormalities at their earliest stages, when they are most treatable.  ...

Acrodermatitis

Acrodermatitis, also known as papular acrodermatitis or Gianotti-Crosti syndrome, is a skin disease of early childhood. While its exact causes are unknown, research suggests that acrodermatitis may be caused by certain viral infections, such as the Epstein-Barr virus. Most commonly an acquired disorder, acrodermatitis may, in rare cases, be genetic. Acrodermatitis typically heals on its own in 2 to 4 weeks, although it may last for several months or even years. The disorder is believed to be slightly contagious. Medical attention is required to determine and treat underlying conditions. ...

BOTOX® Cosmetic

BOTOX® Cosmetic is a prescription drug that, when injected, temporarily paralyzes muscles. It contains a purified and safe form of botulinum toxin A, which is produced by the microbe that causes botulism. Manufactured by Allergan, Inc., it is used to treat permanent furrows and deep wrinkles in the skin that are formed by the continual contraction of facial muscles. In addition to its cosmetic applications, it is used to treat a number of medical problems, including excessive sweating, overactive bladder, neck spasms, crossed eyes, chronic back and jaw pain, and migraines. ...

Allergy Skin Testing

Skin testing is a common diagnostic tool used to identify the specific allergens that trigger contact dermatitis and, occasionally, systemic allergic reactions. Common trigger substances include cleaning solutions, detergents, cosmetics, perfumes, latex rubber and poison ivy. Skin allergy tests may be administered to diagnose the root causes of allergic reactions. ...

Diaper Rash

Diaper rash is a skin inflammation that appears as red splotches on your baby's bottom. In addition to red marks on the bottom, your baby may have a diaper rash if he or she is suddenly uncomfortable during diaper changes.

Causes of Diaper Rash

Some babies develop a diaper rash as a result of the following: ...

BOTOX® Cosmetic FAQs

BOTOX® Cosmetic is a prescription drug that, when injected, temporarily paralyzes muscles. BOTOX Cosmetic injections treat moderate-to-severe facial lines and wrinkles that are formed by continual muscle contraction. Treatment with BOTOX Cosmetic is the most popular physician-performed nonsurgical cosmetic procedure in the United States. ...

Acne

Acne is a common condition that causes blocked pores, pimples, cysts and other lesions on the skin of the face, neck, chest, back, shoulders and upper arms. Although teenagers are often affected, adults of any age can suffer from acne. Acne is not life-threatening, but can lead to physical disfigurement and emotional distress. There are several effective treatment methods that improve the skin's appearance and prevent future breakouts. ...

Chemical Peels

Chemical peels remove damaged outer layers of skin to make skin smoother, reduce scarring and remove blemishes. Ranging from mild to strong, there are three types of chemical peels: alphahydroxy acid (AHA), trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and phenol. The strength of each peel is tailored to the patient. Peels can be combined with other procedures, such as facelifts, for additional improvement to skin. Chemical peels may be covered by insurance if they are performed for medical rather than cosmetic reasons. ...

Impetigo

Impetigo is a contagious bacterial skin infection frequently occurring in infants and young children. It is almost always caused by one of two types of bacteria: staphylococcus (staph) or streptococcus. Impetigo usually develops where the skin surface is compromised, enabling bacteria to invade. This may occur where the skin has a cut, scratch, bite or itchy rash. Impetigo often occurs at the end of a cold, when the skin around the nose or mouth is sore. The first signs of impetigo are the appearance of small itchy pimple-like sores. They may appear anywhere on the body, but most frequently occur on the face, arms, or legs. The sores eventually fill with honey-colored pus, break open after a few days and form a yellowish crust. The itchy sores can be spread by scratching to other parts of the body or from one person to another. ...

Acne FAQs

Acne is a common condition that causes blocked pores, pimples, cysts and other lesions on the skin of the face, neck, chest, back, shoulders and upper arms. There are several effective treatment methods available to help improve the appearance of the skin and prevent future acne breakouts.

Do only teenagers get acne?

Although teenagers often get acne, it can affect adults of any age. ...

Chemical Peel FAQs

What do chemical peels treat?

Chemical peels remove damaged outer layers of skin, typically on the face, to make skin smoother, reduce scarring and remove blemishes.

What types of chemical peels are there?

Ranging from mild to strong, there are three types of chemical peels: alphahydroxy acid (AHA), trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and phenol. ...

Insect Bites and Stings

Reactions to insect bites and stings are usually in response to the venom that is received from the insect. While this may be a minor annoyance that heals within a few days for most people, there are some people who are severely allergic to the venom. People who are allergic to insect stings or bites may have a life-threatening allergic reaction known as anaphylaxis which requires immediate medical attention. ...

Acne Myths

Acne is a common condition that causes blocked pores, pimples, cysts and other lesions on the skin of the face, neck, chest, back, shoulders and upper arms. While teenagers are often affected, adults of any age can suffer from acne. Acne is not life-threatening, but can lead to scarring of the skin and and emotional distress. ...

Molluscum Contagiosum Virus

Molluscum contagiosum virus, also known as MCV, is a viral skin infection, that causes small painless bumps on the skin. Skin bumps usually appear anywhere on the body two to seven weeks after exposure to infection, although in some patients it may take up to six months before symptoms are present. While it is more common in children, MCV can affect adults with a compromised immune system. Adults affected with MCV in the genital area are diagnosed with a sexually transmitted disease. MCV can be spread through vaginal, anal or oral sex as a result of skin contact with an infected area. ...

Obagi® Blue Peel® Chemical Peel

The Obagi® Blue Peel® chemical peel helps to reverse the effects of aging, sun damage and other skin conditions. It improves skin's appearance by removing dead skin cells and promoting the growth of new ones. The Obagi Blue Peel chemical peel can be used by nearly anyone, regardless of skin color and type. A superficial-to-medium-depth peel, it is usually used on the face, but can be used on the neck, chest, hands, back, arms and legs. The Obagi Blue Peel chemical peel is used to treat: ...

Acne Extractions

Acne is a common condition that causes pimples, cysts and other lesions to develop on the skin of the face, neck, chest, back, shoulders and upper arms. Acne is caused by clogged sebaceous glands, which can lead to blocked pores. Acne develops on the skin when the pores become clogged, as a result of an overproduction of oil. When oil builds up in the hair follicle it forms a soft plug that forces the follicle wall to bulge and protrude from the skin, causing a lesion to develop. ...

Trichloroacetic Acid Peel

A trichloroacetic acid (TCA) peel is a medium-depth peel that can effectively treat fine surface wrinkles, superficial blemishes, and pigment problems. Typically performed on the face, neck, chest and hands, a TCA peel can be customized, with the depth of the peel adjusted as needed, for each patient. A TCA peel can be used on any skin type, and is considered ideal for those with darker skin. A TCA peel usually takes only 10 to 15 minutes to perform, and is considered safe for most people. ...

Ringworm

Ringworm is a contagious infection of the skin caused by a fungus called tinea, not a worm as one might infer from its name. Ringworm presents as itchy, scaly, ring-shaped red patches on the skin, bald spots in the hair or beard, or discolored, thickened nails. The most commonly infected areas of skin are on the scalp (tinea capitis), beard (tinea barbae), body (tinea corporis), groin (tinea cruris, jock itch or diaper rash) or foot (tinea pedis or athlete's foot). Ringworm tends to occur in warm, moist areas of the body, and can be passed by touching the skin of an infected person or by making contact with an contaminated item, such as a towel, hairbrush, or pool or shower surface. Pets, especially cats, can also transmit the fungus. Skin that is wet from sweat or the environment, or that is compromised by a minor injury, is more susceptible to an invasion of ringworm fungus. ...

Acne Scars

Acne is a common condition that causes blocked pores, pimples, cysts and other lesions on the skin. While it is most common in teenagers, acne can affect people of all ages, most often appearing on the face, neck, chest, back, shoulders and upper arms.

For many patients, once acne lesions clear up or are removed, they leave behind discolorations and indentations on the skin. In many cases, acne can lead to scarring, especially if it is severe. Scars may form after acne has healed and cleared, and may vary from person to person. Some people may have small flat scars that are not very noticeable and others may suffer from more visible and indented scars on the face or affected area. Acne scarring is most often caused by larger acne lesions, such as cysts or nodules, which can swell and rupture, causing a break in the wall of the individual pore. Infected material from the inflamed lesion can spill out through this break and can affect the nearby healthy tissue, leading to the appearance of a scar. ...

JUVÉDERM® XC Injectable Gel

JUVÉDERM® XC injectable gel is a U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved dermal filler that, according to its manufacturer, Allergan, Inc., is designed to "temporarily treat moderate to severe facial wrinkles and folds such as nasolabial folds" in people older than 21. Unlike the original JUVÉDERM injectable gel, JUVÉDERM XC is infused with lidocaine to make its injection more comfortable. ...

Scabies

Scabies is a skin condition caused by a mite (Sarcoptes scabiei) that burrows into the skin, causing itchiness in the affected area. The itching is the result of the body's allergic reaction to the mite, its eggs and its waste products.

This condition is highly contagious, spreading quickly through physical contact, and contact with personal belongings such as sheets and towels. Because of the contagion factor, an entire family or contact area (a classroom or a section of a nursing home) is often treated to prevent recontamination. Scabies can affect anyone, and at any age. Cleanliness, or lack of it, is not a factor in its transmission. ...

Hypertrophic Scars

Scars are a natural part of the healing process for all humans. Acne scars can vary in appearance and texture depending on the type and severity of the original acne lesions. Each type of acne scar may require a different type of treatment in order to repair the damaged areas of the skin and produce a smooth, clear appearance. Although not harmful, most people are bothered by the unattractive appearance of these scars and seek treatment to remove or significantly reduce their appearance. ...

LATISSE® Treatment for Eyelashes

LATISSE® eyelash enhancer is the first and only U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved cosmetic treatment for increasing the length, thickness and darkness of eyelashes. Available only through prescription, it is applied once a day to the base of the upper eyelashes. Results may be apparent within four weeks; full results take sixteen weeks. ...

Vitiligo

Vitiligo is a skin condition caused by progressive depigmentation; it presents as white patches on the skin. Although any part of the body can be affected, vitiligo is usually found on the face, elbows, knees, hands, feet, genitals and upper thighs. When the scalp is affected, the hair growing on the vitiligo patch is white. Vitiligo can also affect the chin or eyelid, in which case the lashes or beard become white. The texture of the depigmented skin is not altered and the condition is not painful, although the affected skin may be much more sensitive to the sun. ...

Accutane® Treatment

Acne can be unsightly and painful. In addition to taking a physical toll, it can result in poor self-esteem and, even, depression. Accutane® capsules, with an active ingredient of isotretinoin, are a potent, highly effective option for clearing even the most stubborn acne. For more than 20 years, Accutane therapy has successfully treated severe nodular acne. The small Accutane capsules are taken orally, in several courses of 4 to 6 months each. ...

Restylane® Injectable Gel

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved Restylane® injectable gel is a cosmetic "filler" that contains hyaluronic acid (HA), a natural substance that is found in the body. HA gives volume and elasticity to the skin, but as the body ages, HA levels decrease, resulting in loose skin and wrinkling. When injected, Restylane gel is designed to plump the skin beneath lines and wrinkles, smoothing them out and making them less noticeable. ...

Cortisone Injections

Cortisone is a chemical produced by the body to counter inflammation. Cortisone produced by the body is short-acting, and has only a temporary impact on inflammation, so is not very effective in helping to heal acne cysts or nodules. Cortisone injections, however, use highly concentrated cortisone, so are more effective in immediately reducing redness and inflammation, and providing long-lasting results. Although cortisone is a steroid, it is not an anabolic steroid, which is commonly used to increase strength and muscle size, and known to have harmful side effects. ...

Skin Tags

A skin tag (acrochordon) is a small, soft piece of flesh-colored or dark tissue that is attached to the surface of the skin by a connecting "stalk." Most skin tags develop over time, although some people are born with them. Skin tags typically affect people who are overweight, have diabetes, or are older than 40. ...

Actinic Keratosis

An actinic keratosis, also known as a solar keratosis, is a common premalignant skin lesion. An actinic keratosis occurs when the cells that comprise 90 percent of the epidermis, the keratinocytes, change their size, shape or organization in a process called cutaneous dysplasia.This alters the texture of the skin surface and may extend deeper, into the dermis. ...

Spider Veins

Spider veins (telangiectasias) are small, thin blood vessels visible beneath the skin. They usually develop on the face or legs, and may look like a series of thin tree branches or strands of a spider web. Although most spider veins are only a cosmetic issue, for some people they can cause uncomfortable symptoms such as aching, burning, swelling and leg-cramping. ...

Actinic Keratosis FAQs

An actinic keratosis, also known as a solar keratosis, is a common premalignant skin lesion. An actinic keratosis appears as a scaly reddish or tan lesion on the epidermis, or surface layer of the skin.

Such a lesion is typically caused by chronic exposure to sunlight, particularly ultraviolet light and is therefore mainly found on areas of the body most frequently exposed to the sun. An actinic keratosis occurs when the cells that comprise 90 percent of the epidermis, the keratinocytes, change their size, shape or organization in a process called cutaneous dysplasia. This alters the texture of the skin surface and may extend deeper, into the dermis. ...

Spider Veins FAQs

Spider veins, also known as telengiectasias, are a very common problem, aesthetically troubling to many people. Following are some frequently asked questions about spider veins.

What are spider veins?

Spider veins are veins in which the valves have stopped functioning properly. When the valves of a vein are working correctly, they keep blood flowing in one direction. When they become damaged, they allow blood to flow backwards and pool, causing the walls of the vein to distend and enlarge. This is called venous reflux. When smaller, more superficial veins are involved, a web of red or blue thin branches appear on the surface of the skin, usually on the legs or face. These are referred to as spider veins. ...

Age Spots

Age spots, also known as brown spots, liver spots and solar lentigines, are a common sign of aging. Flat, oval areas of pigmentation, age spots tend to appear on parts of the body, such as the face, hands, arms, shoulders and feet, that are exposed to the sun. Most common in people older than 40, they can be freckle-sized or more than a half-inch in length, and range in color from light brown to black. When age spots are grouped together, they appear even larger. ...

Reticular Veins

Reticular veins are damaged veins that are larger than spider veins but smaller than varicose veins. While they may appear blue or greenish and somewhat enlarged beneath the surface of the skin, they are not ropy and bulging like varicose veins. Reticular veins can appear occasionally on the face, but are most frequently found on the outer thighs or on the backs of the thighs and knees. Usually only of cosmetic concern, reticular veins may also cause patients to experience tenderness, pain, burning or itching in the affected area. ...

Seborrheic Keratoses

Seborrheic keratoses are noncancerous skin growths that commonly affect individuals over 50 years of age. While the exact cause of these growths are not known, they do tend to be hereditary. Because of the areas in which they commonly appear, there is some suspicion that ultraviolet light may be a causative factor in their development. ...

Venous Skin Ulcers

Venous skin ulcers develop on the lower leg, most often between the ankle and calf, as a complication of long-term untreated venous insufficiency. Venous insufficiency is a condition in which blood flow in the veins is impeded by damaged valves. The weakened valves permit a back flow of blood, or venous reflux. ...

Hair Loss

Hair loss, or alopecia, is a common condition which may be a consequence of natural aging, a side effect of medication, or a manifestation of a health disorder. It can result in total baldness, thinning of the hair, or patchy bald spots and may be confined to the scalp or affect other areas of the body. Hair loss may be temporary or permanent, depending on its cause. Some of the causes of hair loss include: ...

Sun Damage

Long term and repeated exposure to sunlight, especially ultraviolet light, can cause a variety of cosmetic and medical problems related to the skin, commonly referred to as sun damage. Sun damage can affect any area of the skin as a result of excessive exposure to the ultraviolet (UV) rays of the sun. Sun damage most commonly occurs on the face, hands and arms, and may lead to sun spots, age spots, rough skin and wrinkles. Years of sun exposure can also lead to premature aging and skin cancer. Some individuals may notice skin lesions that are a form of actinic keratosis, which is is a precancerous skin condition that develops from years of sun exposure. ...

Hair Loss in Men

Hair loss (alopecia) affects many men. It can be the result of aging, genetic predisposition, medication, or an underlying medical condition. Men can lose their hair in patterned areas or patches, or their hair can thin all over. Depending on what causes it, the condition can be temporary or permanent. ...

Wrinkles and Fine Lines

Wrinkles and fine lines, an inevitable part of aging, can make a person look old, sad, angry or tired. To look younger and/or more refreshed, many people who have wrinkles and fine lines seek treatment. Fortunately, there are countless options, including creams, dermal fillers, peels, laser treatments and surgery, for improving the look of the skin. ...

Hair Loss in Women

Hair loss in women is not discussed nearly as frequently as hair loss in men, yet it is a very common occurrence, affecting as many as 30 million women in the United States. Hair loss can occur as a result of aging, heredity, medications or an underlying medical condition, and can affect women of all ages. It may result in a higher than normal hairline, pattern baldness, patchy spots or thinned hair toward the back of the head. Most women are troubled by this undesired change in appearance and may experience frustration, embarrassment or more severe psychological distress due to this condition. ...

Alopecia Areata

Alopecia areata, commonly known as alopecia, is an autoimmune disease that results in hair loss. Alopecia is caused when the body's immune system attacks the cells in hair follicles, because it mistakenly perceives them as invaders. In most cases, hair falls out in only a few small, round patches but, in some cases, alopecia causes a total loss of hair on the scalp (alopecia areata totalis) or a complete loss of hair everywhere on the body (alopecia areata universalis). ...

Alopecia Areata FAQs

What is alopecia areata?

Alopecia areata, commonly known as alopecia, is an autoimmune disease that causes hair to fall out. Hair loss results when the immune system mistakes hair follicles, where hair growth begins, for enemies and attacks them. Hair may fall out in a single clump in one or more small areas, or may affect larger areas of the scalp or body. The causes of alopecia are unknown, but it is suspected that a combination of genetic factors combine with a trigger in the environment to bring on this disorder.Though the disorder is more common in individuals under the age of 20, it can affect people of any age. Both mean and women develop the disease and nearly 2 percent of the population will develop alopecia at some time during their lives. ...

Strip-Graft Scalp Treatment

Hair loss (alopecia) affects men and women of all ages. It can be the result of aging, genetic predisposition, medication, or an underlying medical condition. People lose their hair in patterned areas or patches, or hair can thin all over. It can be a source of frustration, embarrassment and, sometimes, severe emotional distress. ...

Strip-Graft Scar Treatment

A hair transplant is often the most effective and long-lasting way to combat hair loss. For many years, hair transplants were performed using only the strip-graft method (follicular unit transplantation), which involved harvesting a linear section of donor hair and skin from the sides or back of the patient's head, and grafting it to the scalp where needed. ...

Athlete's Foot

Athlete's foot (tinea pedis) is a common fungal infection that develops in the moist area between the toes or on the soles of the feet. It causes itching, stinging and burning, and, if left untreated, can cause the skin to peel and crack, which, in turn, can lead to bacterial infection. Athlete's foot can also affect the toenails, palms and fingers. It is caused by a variety of fungi that belong to the group "dermatophyte," which also causes ringworm, diaper rash and jock itch (dhobi itch). ...

Mycotic Nail Infections

Mycotic (fungal) nail infections are very common. Although they can occur on the fingernails, they are more commonly found on the toenails, because fungus grows more readily in warm, dark, moist areas like enclosed shoes. Infected nails appear discolored, thick and brittle and may at times be painful. Mycotic nail infections most frequently appear in adults. ...

Onychomycosis

Onychomycosis (nail fungus) is the most common infection of the nails in adults; it affects toenails more frequently than fingernails. Usually, the first sign of onychomycosis is a white or yellow spot under the nail. Left untreated, onychomycosis causes a nail to thicken and become brittle. The nail may split or crumble, or even separate from the nail bed. Onychomycosis can be contagious, spreading from nail to nail or, rarely, to nearby skin. ...

Paronychia

Paronychia is a common, relatively benign, infection that occurs on the skin around the nails. It is typically the result of an injury to the area, as when a hangnail is picked or bitten off. Paronychia presents as a painful swelling around the nail that may include blisters filled with pus and changes to the nail's overall appearance. There are three pathogens that may be responsible for paronychia: bacteria, candida (a particular kind of yeast), and other types of fungus. ...

Blisters

A blister, also known as a bulla, is a bubble of fluid that forms beneath a thin layer of damaged skin. The fluid inside is composed of water and protein that have oozed from the damaged tissue. Commonly, blisters form as a result of irritation caused by rubbing, such as that caused by ill-fitting or new shoes. They generally involve only epidermis, the top layer of the skin. Blisters such as these usually resolve on their own fairly quickly, and do not lead to complications or scarring. Blisters may, however, development for a number of other reasons, some of which can be more serious. All blisters should be watched because even seemingly innocuous blisters can become infected easily. ...

Bullous Diseases

Bullous diseases, or pemphigus, are characterized by large blisters, or bullae, on the skin. These fluid-filled lesions are caused by inflammation in or under the surface layer of skin, or epidermis.

The two diseases most commonly referred to as bullous diseases are pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid, both autoimmune disorders, although blisters may occur in a variety of other dermatological disorders, including: contact dermatitis, erythema, erythroderma, impetigo, and staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. Blisters may also be symptoms of certain viral or bacterial infections and some automimmune diseases. ...

Autoimmune Blistering Diseases

A blister, or bulla, is a bubble of fluid that normally forms beneath a thin layer of damaged skin. The fluid inside it is composed of water and protein that have oozed from the damaged tissue. Blisters typically form as a result of a rubbing irritation or a burn and involve only the top layer of the skin, or epidermis. They may also be symptoms of a bacterial or viral infection. Such blisters usually resolve in a short period of time and do not result in complications or scarring. ...

Cold Sores

Cold sores, also known as fever blisters, are among the most common oral lesions, occurring on the lips or around the mouth. These sores, which are often painful, are caused by the herpes simplex virus. There are two types of herpes simplex virus, HSV-1 and HSV-2. Cold sores are usually caused by HSV-1, while HSV-2 is usually the cause of genital herpes. ...

Pemphigus

Pemphigus, or bullous diseases, refers to a group of skin disorders that cause blisters in the mouth and elsewhere on the body. Patients develop pemphigus from an irregular autoimmune system response in which antibodies are produced to attack healthy cells in the skin and mucous membranes. Although the specific cause is unknown, this response may be triggered by certain medications or by radiation or ultraviolet light therapy. Pemphigus is most common in patients middle-aged or older, but individuals of any age can be affected. ...

Cyst Aspiration

Cyst aspiration removes fluid from a fluid-filled nodule called a cyst. During the procedure, the skin is sterilized and a local anesthetic is administered. Once the area is numb, a needle is inserted into the patient's skin, often using ultrasound guidance. The tip of the needle is placed in the cyst and fluid is withdrawn until the cyst is emptied and collapses. It is important that the wall of the cyst be completely removed in order to avoid regrowth. ...

Pilonidal Cyst Removal

A pilonidal cyst is a fluid-filled, pimple-like sac at the coccyx (tailbone), just below the crack of the buttocks. Pilonidal cysts are prone to infection; if one does become infected, filling with pus, it is technically called a "pilonidal abscess." Pilonidal abscesses are always treated with excision and drainage because, left untreated, the infection can spread. ...

Abscess

An abscess is a tender mass on a specific area of the body caused by bacterial infection. It presents as a painful swelling, pink to red in color, warm or hot to the touch. Abscesses often appear on the head and neck, limbs, torso, and are especially common in moist sites on the body such as the armpits or groin. They may also develop internally at the site of a recent operation, or, occasionally, for no apparent reason. Most often, surgical abscess drainage is necessary for successful treatment. ...

Abscess Drainage

An abscess is a mass caused by a bacterial infection; it forms when a cavity fills with pus, which is a combination of dead tissue, white blood cells and bacteria. Although an abscess can develop anywhere (sometimes as a postsurgical complication), moist areas such as the armpits, groin, tailbone region (pilonidal cyst) and mouth (dental abscess) are particularly susceptible. Although some drain on their own, many abscesses require medical intervention. ...

Hyperhidrosis

Hyperhidrosis is a condition that causes excessive sweating on the hands, feet, armpits, face and genital area, or all over the entire body. The exact cause of this condition is unknown, although it often runs in families and begins during childhood.

Patients with hyperhidrosis may sweat all over their body or in certain areas. Their skin may become white and wrinkled or red and irritated as a result of the constant moisture, and it may develop an odor as well. Living with hyperhidrosis often causes patients to feel embarrassed, awkward and self-conscious, especially during social situations. ...

BOTOX® Cosmetic Treatment for Hyperhidrosis

Hyperhidrosis is a common condition that involves excessive sweating of certain parts of the body, including the face, hands, feet and underarms. Those with this condition often need prescription-strength antiperspirants to control sweating, and may have to change clothes frequently or avoid wearing certain fabrics. ...

Contact Dermatitis

Contact dermatitis is a skin condition caused by an allergic reaction to certain materials that come into contact with the skin. A common cause of rashes, contact dermatitis appears on the skin after contact with the offending material or substance has taken place. It may occur immediately after contact or may take several days to appear. Typically, contact dermatitis presents as a red, itchy rash. While not serious medically, the condition may be very uncomfortable. ...

Hand Dermatitis

Also known as hand eczema, hand dermatitis refers to several different types of skin conditions that affect the hands, including atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis and any type of eczema.

These conditions cause dryness, chapping, redness, itchiness, blisters and scaling on the skin of the hands. In severe cases, the patient may develop fissures on the skin of the hands, as well as deformed nails. ...

Venous Stasis Dermatitis

Venous stasis dermatitis is an inflammation of the skin in the lower legs as a result of chronic venous insufficiency. Venous insufficiency occurs when veins and their valves are damaged and permit a backflow of blood, called venous reflux. When pooled venous blood collects in the legs, it can result in discoloration or changes in skin texture. Treatment for this condition focuses on treating the underlying condition and is usually successful. Lesions indicating venous stasis dermatitis first appear on the skin as red or brownish discolorations which may then begin to scale or crust and, if left untreated, to ulcerate. ...

Dry Skin

Dry skin, also known as xeroderma, is a common skin condition that can be uncomfortable and unattractive. Individuals troubled by dry skin experience redness and itchiness in the affected area. In most cases, dry skin can be symptomatically controlled with simple treatments.

Causes of Dry Skin

Aging, and its resulting changes in hormone levels, is a common cause of dry skin. In addition, certain diseases or environmental factors may cause the skin to become excessively dry. ...

Sensitive Skin Care

Sensitive skin is a common condition that affects millions of people. Sensitive skin is defined as skin that may become irritated or inflamed when it comes in contact with certain products, substances, or environmental factors such as sun or extreme heat or cold. It may also develop as a result of other skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, rosacea, or allergies. Symptoms such as stinging, burning, and redness of the skin are common in people who suffer from sensitive skin conditions. Sensitive skin reactions may also cause dryness, flaking, pimples or even blisters. ...

Dandruff

Dandruff is a chronic skin disorder that causes itching and flaking of the scalp. Fortunately, there are treatments to effectively control dandruff as it can be a nuisance since the itching is uncomfortable and the flaking visible.

Mild cases of dandruff can usually be managed with an over-the-counter dandruff shampoo. More stubborn cases may need a prescription-strength shampoo. Although dandruff is chronic, it can be controlled by managing stress, shampooing often and cutting back on styling products. ...

Itching

Itching, also known as pruritus, is a tingling, irritating sensation on the surface of the skin that provokes scratching. While incidental itching may be resolved by scratching, persistent itching is often only worsened by this response. Itching may be confined to one area on the body or may be an encompassing condition. When confined to a specific area, itching is usually the result of a localized contact with an irritant. When it involves the whole body, it is more likely the result of a systemic disorder and may necessitate medical diagnosis through blood tests or skin biopsy. Severe itching is experienced as akin to pain. ...

Pruritus

Pruritus, or itching, is a tingling, irritating sensation on the surface of the skin that provokes scratching. While incidental itching may be resolved by scratching, persistent itching is often only worsened by this response. Itching may be confined to one area on the body or may be an encompassing condition. When confined to a specific area, itching is usually the result of a localized contact with an irritant. When it involves the whole body, it is more likely the result of a systemic disorder and may require a medical diagnosis through blood tests or skin biopsy. Severe itching is experienced as akin to pain. ...

Pruritus (Itching) FAQs

What causes itching?

Pruritus, or itching, is an unpleasant tingling sensation that provokes the urge to scratch the skin. The cause of the sensation is unknown, but nerves that respond to chemicals released in the skin are known to be affected. There are a great many causes for itching, including: contact dermatitis, dry skin, skin conditions like eczema or psoriasis, insect bites or stings, sunburn, parasites, rashes from diseases like chicken pox, and certain systemic disorders. ...

Rashes

Rashes are changes in the skin's color or texture. Simple rashes are called dermatitis, which means the skin is inflamed or swollen. Some rashes are independent symptoms, but many cause itching, burning or other discomfort. There are a great many reasons for individuals to develop rashes.

Types of Rashes

Rashes occur for a variety of reasons, some relatively benign, some extremely serious. Many rashes look similar to one another so their causes may be difficult to diagnose. ...

Lichen Planus

Lichen planus is a condition that causes a bumpy rash to develop on the skin. The rash typically forms on the wrists, back, legs, torso or genitals, but may occur anywhere. Lesions or sores may also develop in the mouth. Lichen planus is not a contagious condition and it often affects middle-aged adults but rarely occurs in children. ...

Poison Ivy

Poison ivy is a common plant known to cause allergic reactions in a large percentage of people. These allergic reactions usually manifest as unsightly and uncomfortable rashes on the skin. Skin rashes from poison ivy, like those from poison oak and poison sumac, are precipitated by an oily substance called urushiol found in the leaves, stems and roots of the plant. Poison ivy is found growing all over the continental United States, so rashes from poison ivy are very common. ...

Eczema

Eczema is a common skin disorder that manifests itself as itchy skin and a red rash; it is particularly common in infants and young children. Eczema most often develops as a result of an allergic reaction, or an immune-system malfunction. It can cause irritation and inflammation anywhere on the body, but is especially prevalent on the face, the insides of the arms, and behind the knees. In infants with eczema, the scalp is frequently affected. ...

Ichthyosis Vulgaris

Ichthyosis vulgaris, commonly known as ichthyosis, is a hereditary skin condition in which dead skin cells accumulate to form thick, dry scales on the surface of the skin. Sometimes known as fish scale disease, ichthyosis may be visible at birth, but more commonly develops in early childhood. Sometimes associated with other allergic skin problems, such as eczema, ichthyosis is treated symptomatically since no cure for the condition has yet been found. While this disease can be unsightly and somewhat uncomfortable, it is not serious and causes no other known health complications. In most cases, the condition resolves in adulthood, though it may occasionally recur. ...

Keratosis Pilaris

Keratosis pilaris is a benign skin disorder involving a blockage of the hair follicles by keratin, a protein that protects the skin from infection. When the condition occurs, a scaly plug forms, blocking the opening at the end of the hair follicle. In most instances, many plugs form at the same time, creating patches of rough, bumpy skin. Typically, keratosis pilaris appears on the upper arms, thighs, cheeks and buttocks. When evident on the face, it is sometimes mistaken for acne. ...

Freckles

Freckles are small, circular spots of darkened skin that tend to appear most frequently on the face, arms and shoulders of people with fair complexions. They may appear on children as young as a year old, but may continue to appear randomly, especially after exposure to sun. Freckles occur as a result of an increased pigment called melanin that is distributed unevenly through the skin. The occurrence of freckles tends to be hereditary. The proliferation of freckles can be limited to a certain extent by using sunscreen, sunblock, or other protection against prolonged exposure to sunlight. ...

Hives

Hives, also called urticaria, is a common skin condition in which swollen, pale red bumps, also known as welts or wheals, suddenly break out on the skin. Hives cause itching, stinging or burning and may appear anywhere on the body. Hives are most often an allergic reaction, but sometimes the allergen precipitating the adverse reaction is unknown. Hives is never a contagious condition. ...

Angioedema

Angioedema is a swelling under the skin resulting from an allergic reaction, often occurring around the eyes or lips. It's underlying cause is unknown. During an allergic reaction, chemicals, including histamine, are released into the bloodstream as an immune response to a foreign substance. The foreign substance that affects the body in this way is called an allergen. What is an allergen for one person may not be one for another person, so angioedema is an idiosyncratic condition. Angioedema is similar to hives, although hives are more superficial. While angioedema is usually not serious, and typically resolves within a few days, if it occurs in the throat or on the tongue, it can interfere with breathing and be life-threatening. ...

Skin Cancer

Skin cancer, which is the most common form of cancer in the United States, is the result of the abnormal growth of skin cells. Cancer can affect skin anywhere on the body, but most frequently appears on skin that is exposed to the sun. There are more than a million new cases of skin cancer in the United States each year. Although most cases of skin cancer can be successfully treated, it is still important to keep skin safe and healthy and try to prevent this disease. ...

Skin Cancer FAQs

Skin cancer, which is the most common form of cancer in the United States, is the result of an abnormal growth of skin cells. Cancer can affect skin anywhere on the body, but most frequently appears on skin that is exposed to the sun. There are more than a million new cases of skin cancer in the United States each year. ...

Benign Skin Lesions

Benign skin lesions are skin growths which, although sometimes irritating or unsightly, are not usually dangerous. Many benign lesions do not require treatment except for cosmetic reasons. Some, however, may itch, burn, sting, or be otherwise uncomfortable if left untreated and some may lead to possibly malignant changes in the skin. ...

Biopsy of Skin Lesions

A skin lesion biopsy is a diagnostic test that involves removing a tissue sample and examining it under a microscope. This test is used to identify suspicious lesions and to differentiate normal cells from abnormal ones.

Reasons for Skin Lesion Biopsies

Skin lesion biopsies are performed when simple visual examination by the physician is insufficient to make a clearcut diagnosis. Such biopsies are done in order to make a definitive diagnosis of: ...

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Basal cell carcinoma a common type of skin cancer that occurs in the basal cell layer of the skin. It is the most common type of skin cancer in people with fair skin, and it usually occurs on areas of the skin that have been exposed to the sun, such as the face. Basal cell carcinoma rarely spreads to other parts of the body but is still a serious condition that requires prompt treatment. ...

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Squamous cell carcinoma is a common form of skin cancer that occurs in the squamous cells of the skin. It is usually caused by excessive, long-term exposure to ultraviolet rays from the sun and most frequently affects people over the age of 50. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common type of skin cancer in people with dark skin. In dark skinned individuals, it commonly occurs in places that have not been exposed to the sun such as the legs or feet. While individuals with fair skin may have an occurrence of squamous cell carcinoma in sun exposed areas, such as on the face, head, ears and neck, it is possible to get squamous cell carcinoma on any part of the body. Squamous cell skin cancer may spread to other parts of the body, so early detection is extremely important in treating this condition. ...

Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma

Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas, known as CTCLs, are serious but rare disorders. Lymphomas are cancers of the lymphatic system, a part of the immune system that produces white blood cells and helps fight infections and diseases. Lymphomas account for fewer than 5 percent of all cancers and a small percentage of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are CTCLs. ...

Melanoma

Melanoma is a potentially life-threatening skin cancer of the melanocytes, the cells that make melanin (brown pigment). Melanoma's fatality rate is higher than that of basal cell and squamous cell cancers; it accounts for more than 80 percent of all skin-cancer deaths. Early detection and treatment greatly increase the likelihood of cure. Performing a self-examination in front of a mirror is the best way to detect melanoma in its early stages. If melanoma is suspected, a doctor should be contacted immediately. ...

Moles and Birthmarks

Moles are growths on the skin that are usually brown or black; they may be located, alone or in groups, anywhere on the body. A birthmark is a colored mark that appears soon after a baby's birth. Although many moles and birthmarks are completely benign and pose no health risk, some people choose to remove them because they consider them unattractive. Regularly using a strong sunscreen, and monitoring birthmarks and moles for changes, is highly recommended. ...

Mole Mapping

Mole mapping identifies all moles on a person's body and monitors, over time, the moles' size, color and overall appearance for early detection of melanoma, a form of skin cancer. Because they tend to grow rapidly and carry a risk of serious complications, screening for, and early diagnosis of, melanomas is important. Mole mapping, which is completely safe and noninvasive, is an excellent way to keep track of changes in moles. ...

Congenital Nevus

A congenital, or melanocytic, nevus is a mole that is present from birth or develops during the first year of life. Congenital nevi, typically dark in color and often hairy, can vary in size and shape and may enlarge as the child grows. Most congenital nevi are harmless, but should always be checked and monitored by a dermatologist because they have the potential to become malignant, and because patients with this type of mole are at increased risk for melanoma. Congenital nevi are categorized into three types: small, medium and giant. Small congenital nevi are quite common and rarely cause problems. Giant nevi, often referred to as bathing trunk nevi, may grow to eight inches in diameter. Giant nevi carry the most risk of cancer, with a one in six chance of becoming malignant. ...

Cryosurgery

Cryosurgery, also called cryotherapy or cryoablation, is a procedure in which extreme cold produced by liquid nitrogen is used to destroy abnormal tissue. An alternative to traditional surgery and its drawbacks, cryosurgery is used to treat tumors in the kidney, lung, liver, breast, prostate, cervix and bone, and on the skin. ...

Mohs Surgery

Mohs micrographic surgery is a safe and effective treatment for skin cancer. During Mohs surgery, cancerous tissue is removed in small sections. While the patient waits, a pathologist examines each tissue specimen for malignant cells. If malignant cells are found, more tissue is removed until the cancer is eradicated. This comprehensive microscopic examination helps to target only cancerous tissue, significantly reducing damage to healthy surrounding tissue. Developed by Frederic E. Mohs, M.D., in the 1930s, Mohs surgery excises not only the visible tumor, but any "roots" extending beneath the surface of the skin. Five-year cure rates of up to 99 percent for first-time cancers and 95 percent for recurring cancers have been documented. ...

Keloids

A keloid is an overgrown area of scar tissue that forms at the site of a previous injury such as an incision, wound, vaccination, acne or piercing. An irregularly shaped pink or red scar that is raised above the rest of the skin, a keloid may grow into areas that were not affected by the initial injury. A keloid is generally painless, but may feel itchy or be sensitive to the touch. ...

Scar Revision

Scar revision reduces the prominence of scars that result from injury or previous surgery. Although many scars fade over time and become barely noticeable, disruptions to the healing process can cause them to become red, raised, indented or otherwise deformed. The prominence of a scar depends on the type and severity of the injury that caused it, and the patient's age, overall health and ability to heal. For people who are unhappy with or embarrassed by their scars, there are a number of procedures available to make scars less apparent. ...

Scleroderma

Scleroderma is a disease that involves the formation of scar tissue within the skin and in some case, other organs of the body. This condition causes a hardening and thickening of the skin and may also affect the blood vessels, digestive tract, and in severe cases, the heart, lungs, kidneys or other vital organs. Localized scleroderma only affects the skin on the hands and face and rarely affects other areas of the body. Systemic scleroderma may affect additional areas of the skin as well as internal organs. Scleroderma is considered a rare condition, and it is more common in women than in men. Symptoms of scleroderma often occur between the ages of 30 and 50. ...

Melasma

Melasma is a common skin condition in which patches of skin on the face darken. Typically, the affected areas are the cheeks, bridge of the nose, forehead or upper lip. The dark patches are often symmetrical. Melasma can occur in anyone, but is much more frequently found among women, especially women who are pregnant when it is called chloasma, and is sometimes referred to as the "pregnancy mask." Although not a painful or dangerous problem, melasma can be very distressing emotionally because of its alteration of the appearance. Melasma is not always a permanent condition. It may disappear in a woman several months after she gives birth, but may reoccur after unprotected exposure to the sun. ...

Treatment for Facial Discoloration

Facial discoloration is caused when the cells that make melanin, which are responsible for the skin's pigmentation, become damaged or unhealthy. Skin that has too much melanin is referred to as being hyperpigmented; skin that has too little melanin is referred to as being hypopigmented. ...

Papillomas

A papilloma is a usually benign tumor of the skin or mucous membranes that grows outwardly in finger-like protrusions. It is frequently used to refer to infections caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), which can cause papillomas of the skin, genitals, mouth, eyes and throat, and, in some women, cervical cancer. ...

Psoriasis

Psoriasis is a common, chronic skin condition. The result of a rapid buildup of skin cells, psoriasis causes red, raised, dry and cracked scaly patches, and even blisters, to form on the skin. In some cases, psoriasis affects the fingernails, causing yellowing and small depressions. Psoriasis can be mild, moderate or severe, and, in most cases, causes itching and burning in affected areas or skin. ...

Psoriasis FAQs

Psoriasis is a common, chronic skin condition. The result of a rapid buildup of skin cells, psoriasis causes red, raised, dry and cracked scaly patches, and even blisters, to form on the skin. In some cases, psoriasis affects the fingernails, causing yellowing and small depressions. Psoriasis can be mild, moderate or severe, and, in most cases, causes itching and burning in the affected areas of skin. ...

Photodynamic Therapy

Photodynamic therapy, or PDT, is a three-step treatment used to treat mild or serious conditions of the skin through the use of a photo-sensitizing medication and a light source to activate it. PDT destroys abnormal cells that cause actinic keratosis, a precancerous condition or to treat certain forms of skin cancer. It may also be used to minimize pores and reduce oil glands in order to treat acne and rosacea, and is sometimes helpful in minimizing the appearance of scar tissue as well. ...

Topical Steroids

Topical steroids are an effective topical treatment for skin conditions such as rashes, eczema, and psoriasis. Steroids help to suppress the inflammation of the skin that is caused by flare-ups of eczema and other rashes that occur on the upper layer of the dermis. Topical steroids help to relieve the itching caused by a variety of skin conditions, which in turn prevents a possible infection from occurring when the affected area is scratched. In addition, topical steroids often prove to be an effective treatment for vitiligo, atopic dermatitis, lichen sclerosus and several other skin conditions. While these creams and ointments are not a cure for eczema or other skin ailments, they do relieve symptoms such as itching, inflammation and redness. ...

Rosacea

Rosacea is a common, chronic skin condition that affects up to 10 percent of the population, although many people are unaware that they have it. It usually affects the face, causing redness and the formation of small, pus-filled bumps similar to acne, and, like other skin conditions, can cause emotional distress for the sufferer. Rosacea typically affects fair-skinned women between 30 and 60 years of age. It can first appear during menopause, and is more prevalent in people with a family history of the condition. Although rosacea is a chronic condition that cannot be cured, there are several treatments available to relieve its symptoms and prevent flareups. ...

Rosacea FAQs

Rosacea is a common, chronic skin condition that usually affects the face, causing redness and the formation of small, pus-filled bumps similar to acne.

Who gets rosacea?

Most often, rosacea affects fair-skinned middle-aged women, often at menopause, but it can also affect men. Individuals with a family history of the disease are more likely to suffer from its symptoms. No cause for the disorder has been pinpointed. ...

Pityriasis Rosea

Pityriasis rosea is a common rash that usually begins with a rather large, often scaly patch, known as a herald patch, on the chest, back or abdomen. Although the rash spreads within hours or days of appearing, it is normally confined to the trunk of the body and the legs and does not affect the face, hands or feet. Most often, patients who develop this condition are between the ages of 10 and 35. The condition is not usually serious nor contagious and usually resolves on its own within 6 to 8 weeks. ...

Rhinophyma

Rhinophyma is a severe form of rosacea that can significantly distort the appearance of the nose. Although the cause of rhinophyma is unknown, this condition occurs most commonly in men older than 40. Rhinophyma was once thought to be the result of excessive alcohol consumption, but research has proven this to be untrue. Rhinophyma is usually diagnosed by visual examination, but on occasion a biopsy may be performed. ...

Porphyria

Porphyria is a collection of rare disorders caused by an abnormal buildup of porphyrin in the body. Porphyrin is a substance needed in order for hemoglobin, an essential protein in red blood cells, to function properly. Since hemoglobin combines with iron to carry oxygen throughout the body, any interference with its functioning is dangerous. Elevated levels of porphyrin are, therefore, troubling. Once a patient presents with symptoms of porphyria, it is a chronic disease but can be effectively managed. ...

Shingles

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Warts

Warts are a common skin condition resulting from infection by one or another strain of human papillomavirus (HPV). There are several types of warts that can affect individuals of any age, but some types are more commonly found in children and some more often found in adults. Many types of warts, especially those usually found on children, disappear on their own. When troublesome, warts can be treated with medications or otherwise removed. ...

Plantar Warts

Plantar warts are noncancerous growths that develop on the soles of the feet. Caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), plantar warts are frequently found on the heels or balls of the feet, areas to which the most pressure is applied during standing or walking. While plantar warts are not a serious health threat, they may cause pain or tenderness and therefore need to be removed. ...

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

A sexually transmitted disease (STD) is a disease or infection that is spread from one person to another through sexual contact. Most STDs are caused by bacteria, parasites or viruses that are transmitted through contact with the genitals, skin, mouth, rectum or bodily fluids. Sexually transmitted diseases can cause problems ranging from mild irritation to severe pain. Left untreated, some STDs can cause illness, cancer and infertility, or harm to a fetus. ...